Then And Back Again

I have to write a talk on "human nature" but it won't take long. Let's finish posting about "Flight to Forever" but then stay with the theme of time travel if possible. 

What Saunders sees after the universe begins to reform:

a long journey futureward to avoid being pulled into the point-source

a molten planet

rain on naked rocks

under seas

strange jungles

glacial ages

the familiar Moon

"...low forested hills and a river shining in the distance...." (p. 286)

the village of Hudson, New York

a tear-off calendar and a wall clock in a bank

June 17, 1936, 1:30 P.M.

return to 1973 when the time projector, moved in the future, is now outside the house

After all that time, home at last. A sufficiently long space-time journey returns the traveller to his starting point. The Time Traveller had to turn back whereas Saunders continues forward.

Newtonian Explanation

Every particle has the same position and velocity at the beginning of every cosmic cycle.

Einsteinian Explanation

The continuum is spherical in all four dimensions.

To us now, Einstein sounds more plausible.

In Poul Anderson's Old Phoenix multiverse, we imagine many linear (not spherical) four-dimensional continua separated by a fifth dimension: a fourth spatial dimension? I think. In the DC Comics multiverse, many universes occupy the same four-dimensional space-time by vibrating at different rates. Characters travel between universes by changing their vibrational rates. This might happen to some of the quantum jump hyperdrive spaceships in Poul Anderson's Technic History.

In Anderson's Time Patrol series, we imagine a single four-dimensional continuum changing in a second temporal dimension. I think. However, Time Patrollers' accounts of their experiences do not present a completely coherent metaphysic.

On this blog, we try to imagine a megamultiverse incorporating all the different kinds of timelines. Such a multidimensional framework must also include the spherical continuum of "Flight to Forever." Olaf Stapedon's Last And First Men also features a circular timeline.

Megamultiverse Revisited

Two HG Wells titles, The War In The Air and The War Of The Worlds, read as if they could have been volumes of a series about future wars - aerial, interplanetary etc - whereas in fact they are independent works.

In the case of Poul Anderson's first two time travel volumes, Guardians Of Time and The Corridors Of Time, Guardians... was, at that time, the complete Time Patrol series whereas The Corridors... is not only not part of that series but also fundamentally contradicts it in their basic premises. However, some readers' minds would like to fit everything together if that was somehow possible.

Many universes make one multiverse. An even bigger dimensional framework, a megamultiverse, would be necessary to incorporate not only different timelines but also different kinds of timelines in which:

time travel is impossible;

time corridors are constructed;

time travel is a mutant power;

technology does not transport but transmits time travellers;

conventional "time machines" are used;

"time machinists" (so to say) can "change the past" so that a Time Patrol is needed.

Thus, the Time Patrol exists at the end of a comprehensive list.

Change, Actions And Information

 

Starfarers, 42.

"'You cannot go back into the past and change what happened, no matter what you do. But your actions can be part of what did happen." (p. 398)

The quantum intelligences called holonts form and stabilize gigantic nuclei which are deformed and spun by electromagnetic forces, thus causing spatiotemporal warps through which energetic gamma-ray photons, modulated to convey information, can pass. 

Nothing shows more clearly that Poul Anderson addresses every option:

in the Time Patrol universe, you can go back into the past and change what happened;

in The Corridors Of Time, There Will Be Time and The Dancer From Atlantis, your actions are part of what did happen;

in Starfarers, only messages can be sent.

It is difficult to conceive of a multiverse that can incorporate all these universes although we have also speculated about a megamultiverse.

Dominic Flandry And Time Travel

Dominic Flandry would be able to get into the Time Patrol timeline only if he were taken far enough into the past, then brought forward into the other timeline. Such transferences must be rare.

I do not think that the Time Patrol has access to the inter-universal inn, the Old Phoenix. The Time Patrol series presupposes a single mutable timeline whereas the Old Phoenix stories presuppose many parallel timelines. On the face of it, these two metaphysical systems are incompatible although maybe there can be a megamultiverse where a few beings are able to enter any universe but most space-time travellers operate by a single set of laws that excludes other such sets. Thus, in Anderson's There Will Be Time, Jack Havig's experience is confined within a single immutable timeline. All these worlds exist in Poul Anderson's imagination.

Discontinuities

There Will Be Time, V.

When Jack Havig tells Robert Anderson that:

"'Mathematically speaking, world lines are allowed to have finite, if not infinite discontinuities, and to be multi-valued functions. In many ways, time travel is equivalent to faster-than-light travel, which the physicists also declare is impossible.'" (V, p. 47)

- he echoes the language used in Time Patrol training. There Will Be Time and the Time Patrol series presuppose diametrically opposed premises regarding time travel. However, all works of fiction by a single author have a common source in their author's mind and I postulate a megamultiverse with deterministic universes in parallel timelines and a mutable timeline in a sixth dimension.

Each universe has three spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension. Immutable timelines would parallel each other along a fifth dimension. Therefore, the mutable timeline would have to exist in a sixth dimension.

Versions

We know that alternative versions of historical figures and fictional characters can visit free houses like Neil Gaiman's Inn of the Worlds' End and Poul Anderson's Old Phoenix. Thus, the Sherlock Holmes who visits the Old Phoenix is not necessarily identical with the Holmes who lives in the Time Patrol timeline. Indeed, the Patrol guarding a single mutable timeline and the Old Phoenix existing between many immutable timelines do not seem to belong in the same multiverse - although I postulate a megamultiverse with discrete zones that are not equally accessible.

Unlike Holmes, James Bond receives minimal treatment in Poul Anderson's works. He is mentioned just once as a fictional character in The Corridors Of Time although this would not prevent him from showing up in the Old Phoenix.

In other reading, I have discovered that there are not two but at least three versions of Bond:

the Bond of novels by Ian Fleming, Anthony Horowitz and maybe one or two others;

the Bond of the films plus some film novelizations;

the Bond of other additional novels that are more akin to the films.

I recommend Horowitz.

1995

Poul Anderson's "The Little Monster" was published in 1974 and is set in 1995 by which time there are telecasts from Mars. Since the first Moon landing was in 1969, this was a plausible future.

The young hero's physicist uncle says:

"'Never mind the physics of it...'" (p. 143)

Such an introduction would usually indicate that we are about to read a brief scientific rationale for "...temporal relativistics..." (p. 144) and "'...time projection...'" (ibid.)

All that we get, however, is:

"'Come back when you know tensor calculus, and I'll explain about n-dimensional forces and the warping of world lines.'" (ibid.)

Is that "n" the same as the "N" in "Time Patrol" where a Time Patrol Academy instructor refers to:

"'...the concept of infinite-valued relationships in a continuum of 4N dimensions, where N is the total number of particles in the universe.'"

-Poul Anderson, "Time Patrol" IN Anderson, Time Patrol (Riverdale, NY, 2010), pp. 1-53 AT 2, p. 9.

 

4N is a powerful lot of dimensions but, if there are that many, then there is plenty of room for the mutable timeline, some immutable timelines, the Old Phoenix multiverse and everything else - what I call the megamultiverse.

Lastly, for now (today is Sunday with a walk in the morning and a zoom meeting in the afternoon), there are two kinds of time machine, I suggest: a temporal vehicle carries time travelers whereas a time projector sends them.

In Past Times:

 

"Wildcat" and "The Little Monster" have time projectors;

"The Nest" has a temporal vehicle, the Rover;

"Flight to Forever" has a temporal vehicle called "the time projector."

The Many (Fictional) Universes

My attention has been refocused on alternative histories and parallel universes by:

reading Shadows Of Annihilation by SM Stirling;

watching His Dark Materials, which I might reread;

reflecting on -

Poul Anderson's Old Phoenix stories,
Neil Gaiman's Worlds' End,
the film, Last Action Hero.

As we have said before, any particular narrative may:

be set entirely within a single alternative history;

involve some knowledge of parallel realities, e.g., SM Stirling's The Peshawar Lancers;

involve travel between the parallels;

incorporate characters and events as fictional in one universe but real in another, e.g., a Lensman visits the Old Phoenix;

feature only the particular authors' characters or refer also to those of others, e.g., that Lensman, Sherlock Holmes and Huckleberry Finn in the Old Phoenix or Death from The Seventh Seal in Last Action Hero.

Does a single megamultiverse incorporate every possibility, including even scenarios explicitly denying a multiplicity of realities?

There will be more posts on this issue as well as on Anderson's Rogue Sword and his The People Of The Wind.

Kinds Of Time Criminals II

See Kinds Of Time Criminals.

I said that I would quote from a Heinlein story when I had access to my copy. (It was in a room where the carpet was being shampooed.)

"Everybody knows now why the Fizzle War of 1963 fizzled. The bomb with New York's number on it didn't go off, a hundred other things didn't go as planned - all arranged by the likes of me."
Robert Heinlein, "- All You Zombies -" IN Heinlein, The Unpleasant Profession Of Jonathan Hoag (London, 1980), pp. 126-137 AT p. 136.

This is what I mean about how time travelers might act as "guardian angels" to a timeline. But there is more:

"But not the Mistake of '72; that one is not our fault - and can't be undone; there's no paradox to resolve. A thing either is, or it isn't, now and forever amen. But there won't be another like it; an order dated '1992' takes precedence any year." (ibid.)

In the hypothetical "Megamultiverse," the timeline of Heinlein's Temporal Bureau is in the corner with the immutable timelines of Anderson's Wardens & Rangers and mutant time travelers, not with the mutable timeline of his Time Patrol.

Heinlein goes further:

"...it's very hard to recruit anyone in the later years, since the Mistake of 1972. Can you think of a better source than to pick people all fouled up where they are and give them well-paid, interesting (even though dangerous) work in a necessary cause?" (ibid.)

Hold on there, Heinlein. It is hard to recruit after the Mistake but easy to recruit people who are fouled up?

He hints at a lot more that we would like to know like the precedence of orders dated "1992."

Multiverses

The multiverse is both theoretical and fictional. Frank J. Tipler tells us that the multiverse of quantum theory includes only universes consistent with the laws of physics (see Limits To The Multiverse) whereas a philosopher can contemplate any logically possible universe, even one allowing magic. I have postulated a megamultiverse incorporating, among its multiple dimensions, not only the multiverse of Poul Anderson's Old Phoenix stories but also the mutable timeline of his Time Patrol series and the immutable timelines of his other time travel novels.

Tipler explains that, in the pre-Copernican conception of the universe:

sublunar objects were composed of varying combinations of the Classical "four elements";

heavenly bodies were composed of the "fifth element";

these two realms obeyed different laws;

this is wrong because "...all reality obeys one, and only one, set of laws." (The Physics Of Christianity, II, p. 16)

Since the Old Phoenix multiverse includes magical realms, it should also incorporate worlds where Terrestrial matter is composed of the four elements and extraterrestrial matter of the fifth element. I would expect such worlds to include the Carolingian universe. Holger applies scientific knowledge in that universe. See Ariel And A Nixie. Following Larry Niven's lead, I speculated here that the mutable timeline guarded by the Time Patrol might culminate in a pre-quantum mechanics timeline. This is comparable to the pre-Copernican universes.

Happy New Year

442 page views yesterday and 123 so far today despite no posts on this blog since the day before.

To any new readers:

welcome to Poul Anderson Appreciation;

typically, I read or reread a work by Anderson or a related author and publish short posts about the text or the issues that it raises;

currently, I am rereading Anderson's The High Crusade and Julian May's Intervention but am interrupted by new books received as Christmas or birthday (today) presents;

there are Anderson-May Parallels;

the blog recognizes SM Stirling as a worthy colleague and successor of Poul Anderson;

in particular, Stirling has surpassed Anderson in the sf sub-genre of alternative history;

I will therefore read and post about Stirling's concluding Change novel (see image);

the Change premise is that technology, including crucially electricity and gunpowder, stops working;

many people die but some in succeeding generations lead adventurous and fulfilled lives;

two questions are "How does society adapt?" and "What has caused the Change?";

there is an eventual explanation and also a curious crossover with a completely dissimilar work, The King In Yellow;

notionally, characters from all alternative histories and parallel universes can meet in Anderson's Old Phoenix Inn;

in practice, each author creates his own fictional multiverse although I have speculated about a megamultiverse.

Question

One last question this evening before I return to other reading, then retire to bed (not a new question but a recurrent one):

Do the many parallel timelines of the Old Phoenix multiverse, the single mutable timeline of the Time Patrol universe and the different immutable timelines of The Corridors Of Time, There Will Be Time and other works exist in discrete zones or regions of just one megamultiverse (scroll down) which has 4N dimensions, as mentioned in "Time Patrol," and are there mysterious beings, like maybe obscure deities, who can travel through the megamultiverse, appearing in different times and places, intervening discretely in important events but never staying in one place and always just passing through?

I leave you with that until some time tomorrow.

Conceptual Space

In a vast conceptual space, we are able to compare:

turbulent ages, turning points, beginnings and endings in the Danellian and Technic Civilization timelines;

means of time travel in The Time Machine and in several different works by Poul Anderson;

alternative histories as imagined by various authors;

theories of a multiverse;

whether the many multiverses can be incorporated into one megamultiverse.

I used to think that the Time Patrol mutable timeline and the Old Phoenix multiple timelines were incompatible but it is hard to conceive how a system of 4N dimensions can exclude anything.

Technic History And Time Patrol

It is good that Poul Anderson's Time Patrol series and Technic History are fundamentally distinct and dissimilar but also that many particular comparisons can be made between them. See recent posts and here. (Scroll down.) For a comparison made almost six years ago, see Parallel Passages. These two passages are so similar that the later must have been based on the earlier.

The Time Patrol and the Technic History do not exist in the same universe or even in the same multiverse although I have speculated about a megamultiverse. However, when phrases and narratives resonate as demonstrated in "Parallel Passages," this underlines that the texts share not only an author but also a theme: how do competent human beings respond to crises that are not of their making but that nevertheless demand their response? Manse Everard and Dominic Flandry will never meet except maybe in the Old Phoenix (although even that seems unlikely) but they are one in the competence of their responses to crises.

(The single mutable timeline of the Time Patrol universe must be at a far remove from the many parallel timelines of the Old Phoenix multiverse.)

Lilith II

Please check out the megamultiverse speculations. Inspired by Poul Anderson's Time Patrol series and Old Phoenix sequence and by James Blish's mini-multiverse, I tried to identify those mysterious characters of literature who might just possibly have traveled between universes in order to observe or intervene at crucial moments while keeping themselves in the background. For example, why do the Time Traveler's dinner guests include the Silent Man? Is he a futurian time traveler who wanted to be present at this pivotal conversation but who also kept quiet in order not to risk altering the course of the dialogue as recorded by the outer narrator?

We have found another candidate intercosmic traveler. Lilith interacts with Adam and demons, manages to keep herself (mostly) out of the Bible and yet looms large in Jewish mythology and some modern fantasy. She is mysterious and interacts with powerful beings in more than one time and place - the perfect suspect.

Mysterious Characters

I have found three more "mysterious characters of literature" (see here):

ERB's John Carter;
Michael Moorcock's Eternal Champion;
Donovan's Universal Soldier.

These are characters who can appear in different times and places and might travel through the megamultiverse.

Holger Danske is Poul Anderson's version of such a character. The speculation about such characters was inspired by Anderson's inter-universal inn, the Old Phoenix, and by the 4N dimensions in his Time Patrol universe.

Any warrior in an old heroic fantasy might be an earlier phase of John Carter.

Starkad

Starkad is:

a legendary Norse hero (see here);

a planet visited by Dominic Flandry (see here);

a character in Hrolk Kraki's Saga (see the above link);

an immortal in The Boat Of A Million Years (see here);

mentioned on p. 284 of SM Stirling's The Protector's War (New York, 2006), Chapter Ten.

Thus, this single name links:

several sagas;

a future history by Poul Anderson;

Anderson's retelling of a saga;

a historical science fiction novel by Anderson;

an alternative history novel by Stirling.

Starkad might be one of our travelers through the megamultiverse.

Multi-Dimensional Fiction

OK. After literary hereafters and the English Civil War (see here), there is a third common theme: multidimensional fiction. We recently considered several kinds of dimensions in Poul Anderson's works:

the three spatial dimensions;
the single temporal dimension of an immutable timeline;
the two temporal dimensions of a mutable timeline;
the one or more inter-cosmic dimensions of a multiverse.

Question included:

How many of these dimensions can be incorporated into the 4N-dimensional framework of the Time Patrol universe?

Can there be a megamultiverse?

I raise these questions again because I am currently exploring the ten or eleven dimensions of Alan Moore's Jerusalem. See also here.

James Blish And The Megamultiverse II

I previously thought that the single immutable timelines of The Corridors Of Time and There Will Be Time, the single mutable timeline of the Time Patrol series and the parallel multiple timelines of the Old Phoenix Sequence were mutually incompatible cosmologies but now think that all of these scenarios can be accommodated within the multidimensional framework mentioned in the opening Time Patrol story although the immutable timelines would have to occupy a remote and usually inaccessible region of the megamultiverse.

Prima facie, James Blish's Haertel Scholium presents a mini-multiverse, its four divergent branches dealing respectively with telepathy, energy beings, the Dirac transmitter and the planet Lithia. (The single Lithian novel is also Volume III of After Such Knowledge.) However, the Dirac transmitter "branch" denies that there are "branches of time." Its protagonists work to ensure that they continue to inhabit a single consistent timeline. So maybe the alternative future histories of the Haertel Scholium do present mutually incompatible fictional narratives?

James Blish And The Megamultiverse

This posts combines two previous themes:

comparison of Poul Anderson with James Blish;

the idea of the incorporation of many fictional universes into a single megamultiverse.

Blish, like Anderson, wrote hard sf, fantasy and historical fiction but with a much smaller output. Blish's main bodies of work are:

Cities In Flight;
The Seedling Stars;
the Haertel Scholium;
After Such Knowledge.

These comprise:

two linear future histories;
one sequence of branching future histories;
one trilogy set in the past, present and future.

It will be seen that the future predominates. In fact, Blish's single volume of historical fiction and single volume of fantasy are Volumes I and II of After Such Knowledge. The branching future histories might provide material for a multiverse? Adolph Haertel, who supersedes Einstein, is referred to in more than one future - but so is Einstein. The planet Lithia exists in more than one future - but so do Earth and Mars.

When "Beep" was lengthened/novelized, it was incorporated into the Haertel Scholium. In the original "Beep," one character explicitly states:

"'I was going to do all those things. There were no alternatives, no fanciful "branches of time," no decision-points that might be altered to make the future change. My future, like yours, Dr. Wald's, and everyone else's, was fixed.'"
-James Blish, "Beep" IN Blish, Galactic Cluster (London, 1963), pp. 93-128 AT p. 116.

Although this piece of dialogue remains unchanged in the lengthened The Quincunx Of Time (New York, 1983), p. 75, the characters think their way around it. Maybe some of the Dirac beep messages come from different futures? Maybe, forewarned and forearmed, they themselves can choose between futures? - although they wisely decide against such an act of hubris.

Three characters discussing the implications of the Dirac transmitter are Blish's nearest approach to Anderson's Old Phoenix clientele and the Service that they found parallels Anderson's Time Patrol.