Friday, 20 March 2026

Experience And Emergency

World Without Stars.

Quick morning post. Probably more later.

After a space jump, the Meteor is not in orbit above the ecliptic of a planetary system but falling towards a planet. The wrong coordinates have been given. Captain Argens freezes but gunner Valland, the more experienced man, shouts orders which Argens then relays to the crew. Experience and authority cooperate in an emergency as they should do. 

I wanted to record that but now must get out to the bank. I should have time to post this evening.

Thursday, 19 March 2026

Poul Anderson's Wars

 

Attached is the back cover blurb of my edition of Poul Anderson's World Without Stars. It summarizes the premises and some of the plot and ends with a reference to "...a world-wide war." We remember Brian Aldiss saying that Anderson tells us a dozen ways to get to another planet but then we find the same kinds of things happening when we get there.

See:

Aldiss, Amis, Anderson, Asimov, Lewis

The crew of the Meteor become involved in the war between Pack and Herd on the planet between galaxies.

Nicholas van Rijn becomes involved in the war between Flock and Fleet on Diomedes.

The crew of the USS Benjamin Franklin become involved in the war between Vorlak and Kandemir in the local civilization-cluster.

So, yes, there was something to what Aldiss said. But Anderson's wars are better than many others. 

Accidents

World Without Stars, V.

We know that, barring accidents, we will die in our beds comparatively soon. I am 77 and a Romany palm-reader told me that I would live to 95. Of course, she might be wrong. I might have a lot less than another 18 years still ahead of me.

Felipe Argens and his crew know something very different:

"...our immortality isn't absolute, because sooner or later some chance combination of circumstances is bound to kill you." (p. 27)

They know that they will die by accident and they have no idea how soon. Their deaths are very different from ours and that makes their lives also very different from ours. 

It is the attempt to imagine what it would be like that makes Poul Anderson's accounts of his characters, Hanno, Argens, Manse Everard, Jack Havig etc, so interesting.

I will retire to Inspector Morse and then to bed.

Immortal Employees

World Without Stars.

"Immortal" spacemen live for centuries or even millennia and spend all that time in paid employment in the same kind of work. Can't they save, invest and retire either to leisure activities or to retraining for other kinds of work? It seems an odd kind of existence. Even odder, they preserve their sanity by periodically editing their memories so that they only ever consciously remember a much shorter period, maybe only a few decades, like the equivalent of what used to be a normal working life. Their previous lives and work are recorded somewhere but not in their own conscious memories. Hugh Valland, three thousand years old, recalls his youth, his most recent few years of work and only a few other selected details. He speaks of revisiting old places and visiting new places but even most of the old places will be experienced anew. And, in any case, there is an infinity of new places because the space jump gives access to every galaxy. This has to be the strangest fictional future ever.

In Poul Anderson's The Boat Of A Million Years, the small group of mutant immortals have had to solve the memory accumulation problem for themselves and are able to traverse interstellar space at only sub-light speeds so their situation is very different. They propose to part and to reconvene in another million years which I should think is impossible. Will Hugh Valland survive for a million years? Statistically unlikely. But we would have liked to have read some sequels.

In James Blish's Okie cities, unaging policemen, and men in other professions, simply stay in those roles for centuries.

Things That Change Everything

Fiction based on modern scientific cosmology assumes much about the past, e.g., cosmic and biological evolution, even if this is not made explicit, although Poul Anderson's works very often do make this explicit.

Past Events That Changed Everything
The first self-replicating molecule.
Multicellularity.
Central nervous systems.
The first immediate sensation.
Emergence of life from sea onto land.
Manipulation.
The evolution of intelligence.
The agricultural revolution.
Writing.
Printing.
The scientific revolution.
The Industrial Revolution.
Darwinism.
The automobile.
Telegraph and radio.
The discovery of other galaxies and of cosmic expansion. 
Automation.
Modern information and computer technology.

Now imagine that list extended into an indefinite future.

"'Between them, immortality and star travel changed everything. Not necessarily for the worse. I pass no judgments on anybody.'"
-Poul Anderson, World Without Stars (New York, 1966), IV, p. 26.

Thus speaks a three-thousand-year-old man, Hugh Valland. By "star travel," Valland means instantaneous jumps to other galaxies! By "judgments," he alludes to different lifestyles. His lifestyle remains simultaneously monogamous and celibate. You have to read the novel right to its punchline.

A PC Wren character remains celibate because the one woman that he would have married has married someone else. When I read that in my teens, I thought that it made sense. It certainly takes all sorts.

Ad astra.

The Scientific Context

Science fiction, especially any by Poul Anderson, is written in the context of modern scientific cosmology. Technology based on theories about atoms and nuclei works whereas magic based on beliefs about supernatural beings does not - although Anderson also wrote fantasy. (In James Blish's fantasy, magic is control of demons and demons are fallen angels but maybe eternal life is permanent negative entropy? If hard sf writers write fantasy, then maybe fantasy can become "hard.")

Technology is assumed to work also in contemporary fiction where, however, it is not a major plot element - although Lizbeth Salander's abilities as a hacker are crucial to Stieg Larsson's The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo and would have been sf if hypothesized much earlier in our lifetimes.

(Comprehensiveness: in discussing hard sf, we have also referred to fantasy and to a contemporary thriller.)

However, sf adds that new scientific discoveries will continue to be made the day after tomorrow and into the further future, assuming that there is going to be a further future, although sf narratives also incorporate the opposite assumption. As James Blish argued, sf writers need to remind their readers that new paradigms will be discovered, if not the possibility of faster-than-light (FTL) interstellar travel, then something else as yet unimagined. Every story that does include FTL (as an example) makes that point and therefore serves a purpose. Maybe that is the only purpose of all these FTL stories. To avoid the "hyperspace" cliche, Anderson presented a new scientific rationale for FTL every time that he used the idea.

Wednesday, 18 March 2026

Roman Numerals

See Numerals

It is assumed that, although Kandemirian and Monwaingi numerals have a different base number, they are otherwise like Arabic numerals with a symbol for zero so that the base number is the numeral for "one" followed by the numeral for "zero." They are not like the cumbersome Roman numerals which we still use for some purposes but not for calculation.

Roman numerals are so complicated that authors can get them wrong. In Colin Dexter, The Daughters Of Cain (London, 1995), Chapter Four, p. 20, Inspector Morse thinks that 1993 requires fourteen characters in Roman numerals:

MDCCCCLXXXXIII

M = 1000
D =   500
CCCC = 400
L = 50
XXXX = 40
III = 3

But he is wrong. It requires eight (which is still a lot):

MCMXCIII

M = 1000
CM = 900
XC = 90
III = 3

There is always some connection, however remote, between whatever we read.

Good night.

God Rising

We stated, accurately, in Beginnings Of Novels, that Poul Anderson's World Without Stars, Chapter I, is set on a planet between galaxies. However, this chapter alone does not tell us that. What it does tell us is that "God" rises above a horizon. The Pack, who worship Him, had:

"...howled when the fingers of God's foremost arm glimmered into view. But he would take long to mount so high that His entire self was revealed." (p. 5)

And will that entire self display not only fingers and arms but also head, torso, legs and feet? (No, but we do not know that yet.)

The Pack have enemies called downdevils who come out of the sea and who might:

"...send a war fleet of the Herd..." (ibid.)

So there is conflict between Pack and Herd. (In Anderson's The Man Who Counts - on another planet in another timeline - there is conflict between Flock and Fleet.)

So far, then, the Pack worships the rising God (in the sky) while its enemies, the Herd, are sent by downdevils (in the sea)... 

But something else:

"...had lately arrived in fire and thunder..." (ibid.)

Sf readers are immediately alerted. That sounds like the arrival of an extra-planetary spacecraft. Will it bear human beings? Indeed, we shortly read that there are:

"...legends...about creatures that had long ago come from the sky and returned..." (p. 6)

When the sunset has ended and when God has risen further, only He, the angels and three planets are in the sky. I do not know what the "angels" are and am noticing them now only because I am analyzing this chapter in more detail than before.

There is one other aspect to the dualism of God and downdevils. Apparently, God is associated with night and his antagonists with day. The Herd rarely attack by night because they worship the downdevils who fear God whereas ya-Kela, the One of the Pack and their leader in worship, addresses God as:

"'...Thou Who casteth out of the sun...'" (ibid.)

- a God Who casts out not darkness but its opposite.

But what is God? We have been told nothing about extragalactic planets as yet but we have been told that God has a "...foremost arm..." and the following chapter reminds us on the following page that galaxies have spiral arms.

Tuesday, 17 March 2026

Beginnings Of Novels

I prefer a novel that comes straight to the point.

"'Earth is dead."
-After Doomsday, 1, p. 5 -

- comes straight to the point. 

In Poul Anderson's World Without Stars, Chapter I is narrated in the third person from the point of view of an inhabitant of a planetary system between galaxies before the human first person narrator comes on-stage in the opening sentence of Chapter II. We must read on in order to understand much of what we have read in I: God rising in the West, downdevils from the sea depths etc.

In the unentitled opening passage of Anderson's The Rebel Worlds, Didonian Feet, Wings and Hands make oneness before the human action begins in CHAPTER ONE. That opening passage is incomprehensible on first reading.

In the italicized and unentitled opening passage of Anderson's A Knight Of Ghosts And Shadows, an unidentified Dennitzan wonders how to tell the tale of Bodin's raid which will not occur until the climax of the novel.

On rereading, we can skip past these introductory passages. 

Numerals


OK. I have returned to being all at sea with the numerals at the climax of After Doomsday, 15.

See Donnan's Second Moment Of Realization And A Solution?

Arabic And Kandemirian Numerals, The Latter Replaced By Roman Letters
0 L
1 A
2 B
3 C
4 D
5 E
6 F
7 G
8 H
9 I
10 J
11 K
12 AL

Arabic And Monwaingi Numerals, The Latter Replaced By Roman Letters
0 R
1 M
2 N
3 O
4 P
5 Q
6 MR

We are told that:

BA=NQ=25

- and that:

ABIJ=MOQMP=2134

How come?

OK. I realize where I am going all wrong again. But I had to write it all out like this again before I realized. Maybe Anderson/Donnan could have explained it in more detail for the benefit of non-mathematicians.