Three Spy Novels

In a certain kind of spy novel, no one is as they seem. Three examples:

The Spy Who Came In From The Cold by John le Carre;

The Wrecking Crew by Donald Hamilton;

A Knight Of Ghosts And Shadows by Poul Anderson.

During the Cold War, le Carre and Hamilton wrote fiction about that conflict whereas Anderson projected a similar power bloc conflict into an sf future. Le Carre's Alec Leamas realizes that his own side has lied to him. Hamilton's Matt Helm finds that those who are with him are against him and that someone who is not involved is. Anderson's Dominic Flandry learns that his own son has deliberately sent him into a trap.

Maybe we could start to read such a novel assuming that major characters will turn out to be the opposite of what they appear to be, then anticipate how the author is going to do it? (I can't but maybe someone can.)