Captive Of The Centaurianess

Although Poul Anderson's "Captive of the Centaurianess" (The Gods Laughed, 1982) was published in 1978, it reads like Golden Age sf and was probably written in that style to reflect the fact that it was being published in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Adventure Magazine. (Later: See correction in Comments.)

There is:

an italicized introduction about heroes taken from Origins of the Galactic Era;

a World Union on Earth;

a breakaway Confederated Satellites of Jupiter resulting from a "Symmetrist Revolution" (p. 153);

an intelligent tentacled Martian race, excelling at mathematics;

slower than light travel with suspended animation between the Solar System and Alpha Centauri A III;

humanoid Centaurians resulting either from coincidence or from parallel evolution, still practicing animal sacrifice;

Martian mathematics proving the possibility of faster than light travel so that we indeed seem to be at the origin of a Galactic Era.

Since the story is 85 pages long, I will have to read the rest of it later. Meanwhile, there is one surprise, although maybe I was at fault for misreading the title - a Centaurianess is not a female centaur but a female Centaurian biped.